If you’ve heard about a new treatment option for eczema and wondered what it’s all about, you might have come across the term “JAK inhibitors.” In this article, we explain in plain language what JAK inhibitors are, how they work to ease eczema symptoms, the potential side effects you should know about, and what happens if you change your treatment plan.

What Are JAK Inhibitors?

JAK inhibitors are a newer class of medications that work by blocking specific enzymes in your immune system called Janus kinases (or JAKs). These enzymes are part of a signaling pathway that tells your immune cells to produce inflammation. By slowing down these signals, JAK inhibitors can help reduce the redness, swelling, and itching that often come with eczema.

What's The Role of JAK Inhibitors in Eczema Treatment?

Eczema involves an overactive immune response that contributes to skin inflammation. JAK inhibitors help by:

  • Blocking Inflammatory Signals: When your immune system sends out inflammatory messages, JAK enzymes are a key part of that communication. JAK inhibitors stop these messages from being delivered, which means less inflammation and fewer flare-ups.
  • Reducing Itch and Irritation: By calming down the inflammatory response, these medications can help ease the itchiness and discomfort, allowing your skin to begin healing.

JAK inhibitors are typically considered for patients with moderate to severe eczema, especially when other treatments haven’t provided enough relief. They are available in different forms. Some are taken by mouth (oral formulations) and others are applied directly to the skin (topical formulations).

Potential Side Effects

One reason JAK inhibitors are considered a later line treatment is their potential for serious side effects. While most side effects with JAK inhibitors are mild and manageable, few patients experience critical or life-threatening side effects, such as serious infections. JAK inhibitors typically carry a so-called black-box warning on their FDA label which alerts to these side effects. That said, most side effects can be managed at home and with proper monitoring. Some of the most common include:

  • Acne
  • Headaches
  • Upper respiratory infections, like a cold or flu
  • An increased risk of infections, since the medication dampens your immune system
  • Possible changes in blood counts or cholesterol levels

It’s important to remember that not everyone experiences these side effects, and many patients use JAK inhibitors safely under the guidance of their healthcare provider.

What JAK Inhibitors Are Available for Treating Eczema?

Different JAK inhibitors vary in how they’re administered and their specific targets within the immune system. Below is a table summarizing some examples currently used or under study for eczema:

Brand Name Medication Formulation Targeted JAKs Usage
Opzelura Ruxolitinib Topical JAK1 and JAK2 Approved for short-term management of mild-to-moderate eczema for patients 12 years and older
Rinvoq Upadacitinib Oral tablet JAK1 Approved for moderate to severe eczema; taken daily
Cibinqo Abrocitinib Oral tablet JAK1 Approved for moderate to severe eczema; taken daily
Olumiant Baricitinib Oral tablet JAK1 and JAK2 Used in some regions for eczema management (e.g., in the EU); not approved in the US for atopic dermatitis

This table is a general guide for educational purposes. Your healthcare provider can discuss with you the best option based on your individual situation and local approvals.

In Summary

JAK inhibitors offer a promising alternative for those dealing with moderate-to-severe eczema. By blocking key enzymes that fuel inflammation, these medications help reduce redness, swelling, and itch—giving your skin a better chance to heal. Like all treatments, they come with potential side effects, so it’s crucial to work with your healthcare provider to determine the right option for you. With careful management, JAK inhibitors can be a valuable part of your eczema treatment plan, helping you enjoy clearer, more comfortable skin.